### 날짜 : 2023-12-13 18:57 ### 주제 : Critique of Pure Reason #ethics #공부 ---- "Critique of Pure Reason" (Kritik der reinen Vernunft) is a groundbreaking philosophical work written by the German philosopher [[이마누엘 칸트 (Immanuel Kant)]]. Published in 1781, with a second edition in 1787, this work is considered one of the most significant and influential texts in Western philosophy. It tackles complex questions in metaphysics, epistemology, and the philosophy of mind. Here are the key details of Kant's "Critique of Pure Reason": 1. **Purpose and Context**: - Kant wrote the "Critique of Pure Reason" in response to what he saw as a crisis in metaphysics. He wanted to determine the scope and limits of human knowledge and provide a solution to long-standing philosophical debates regarding the nature of reality and human cognition. 2. **Distinction Between Phenomena and Noumena**: - One of the central ideas in Kant's work is the distinction between phenomena and noumena. Phenomena are the things as they appear to us, while noumena are things as they are in themselves, beyond human perception. Kant argued that we can only know phenomena, not noumena. 3. **A Priori and A Posteriori Knowledge**: - Kant introduced the distinction between a priori and a posteriori knowledge. A priori knowledge is independent of experience and is based on reason alone, while a posteriori knowledge is derived from empirical observation. 4. **Transcendental Idealism**: - Kant's philosophy is often associated with transcendental idealism. He claimed that while we can't know things as they are in themselves (noumena), we can understand how they appear to us (phenomena) by analyzing the role of the human mind in structuring our experience. 5. **Categories of Understanding**: - Kant argued that the human mind imposes a set of fundamental concepts or categories onto our sensory experience. These categories, such as causality, substance, and quantity, shape the way we perceive and understand the world. 6. **Critique of Rationalist and Empiricist Philosophies**: - Kant critiqued both rationalist and empiricist philosophies of his time. He argued that rationalists like Descartes and Leibniz placed too much emphasis on a priori reasoning, while empiricists like Locke and Hume relied too heavily on sensory experience. Kant sought a middle ground that integrated both approaches. 7. **The Copernican Revolution in Philosophy**: - Kant likened his philosophical revolution to the Copernican Revolution in astronomy. Just as Copernicus shifted our understanding of the solar system by placing the sun at its center, Kant shifted our understanding of knowledge by placing the human mind at the center of our perception and understanding of reality. 8. **Limitations of Human Knowledge**: - Kant argued that there are limits to what human reason can know. He believed that certain questions, such as the existence of God, the immortality of the soul, and the nature of ultimate reality, lie beyond the bounds of human knowledge. 9. **Influence and Legacy**: - Kant's "Critique of Pure Reason" had a profound influence on subsequent philosophy, including German idealism, existentialism, and contemporary philosophy. It continues to be a foundational text in the study of epistemology and metaphysics. Kant's "Critique of Pure Reason" is a dense and challenging work that revolutionized philosophical thinking about the nature of knowledge, reality, and human cognition. It remains a crucial text for anyone interested in the history of philosophy and the exploration of fundamental questions about the limits of human understanding. ### 출처(참고문헌) - ### 연결문서 - [[이마누엘 칸트 (Immanuel Kant)]] - [[Consequentialism]] - [[Utilitarianism(공리주의)]] - [[11.3 Ethical Decision-Making Framework]]