### Date : 2024-07-29 23:02 ### Topic : Metaphysics #metaphysics #philosophy #ethics ---- ### Chapter 1: Introduction to Metaphysics [[1.1 Definition and Scope of Metaphysics (EN)]] [[1.2 Historical Background (EN)]] [[1.3 Importance of Metaphysics in Philosophy (EN)]] [[1.4 Key Questions in Metaphysics (EN)]] ### Chapter 2: Ontology - The Study of Being [[2.1 What is Ontology? (EN)]] [[2.2 Types of Being (EN)]] 2.2.1 Substance 2.2.2 Attributes 2.2.3 Universals and Particulars [[2.3 The Nature of Existence (EN)]] [[2.4 The Problem of Universals (EN)]] [[2.5 Ontological Categories (EN)]] ### Chapter 3: Metaphysical Realism and Anti-Realism 3.1 Introduction to Realism and Anti-Realism 3.2 Metaphysical Realism 3.2.1 Classical Realism (Plato and Aristotle) 3.2.2 Modern Realism (Descartes, Locke) 3.3 Metaphysical Anti-Realism 3.3.1 Idealism (Berkeley, Hegel) 3.3.2 Kantian Transcendental Idealism 3.3.3 Constructivism and Relativism ### Chapter 4: The Nature of Substance 4.1 The Concept of Substance 4.2 Substance and Accidents 4.3 Dualism: Mind and Body 4.4 Monism and Pluralism 4.5 Contemporary Debates on Substance ### Chapter 5: Causality and Indeterminism 5.1 Understanding Causality 5.2 Theories of Causation 5.2.1 Efficient Causation 5.2.2 Final Causation 5.3 Determinism vs. Free Will 5.4 Causality in the Physical World 5.5 Challenges to Traditional Views on Causality ### Chapter 6: Time and Space 6.1 Concepts of Time 6.1.1 Absolute vs. Relational Time 6.1.2 Time as a Dimension 6.1.3 Theories of Time (A-Theory vs. B-Theory) 6.2 Concepts of Space 6.2.1 Absolute vs. Relational Space 6.2.2 Space in Classical and Modern Physics 6.3 Time, Space, and the Universe 6.4 Philosophical Implications of Time and Space ### Chapter 7: Identity and Change 7.1 The Problem of Identity Over Time 7.2 Personal Identity 7.2.1 Psychological Continuity 7.2.2 Physical Continuity 7.3 Identity in Objects 7.3.1 The Ship of Theseus Paradox 7.3.2 Essential vs. Accidental Properties 7.4 Theories of Change ### Chapter 8: Metaphysical Systems and Worldviews 8.1 Materialism 8.1.1 Historical Development 8.1.2 Contemporary Materialism 8.2 Dualism and Pluralism 8.3 Idealism 8.4 Emergentism 8.5 Panpsychism and Other Alternative Views ### Chapter 9: Metaphysics and Science 9.1 The Relationship Between Metaphysics and Science 9.2 Metaphysical Implications of Quantum Mechanics 9.3 The Philosophy of Mind and Neuroscience 9.4 Metaphysical Issues in Cosmology ### Chapter 10: Contemporary Issues in Metaphysics 10.1 Metaphysics in Contemporary Analytic Philosophy 10.2 Metaphysical Naturalism vs. Supernaturalism 10.3 The Role of Metaphysics in Ethics and Politics 10.4 Metaphysical Questions in Technology and Artificial Intelligence